Information Consent for Health Professionals Essay - 275 Words

Information Consent for Health Professionals (Essay Sample) Content: Information consent for health professionals: Its role and importance in providing quality treatment and assuring care treatment for patients NameInstitutionIntroductionInformed consent is an important element of medical practice as it guarantees the patient information on the treatment process. Patients should not undergo any medical operation without having an informed consent on the implications of the process or the outcomes of the process. This paper discusses the informed consent under different conditions, and people who should have the informed consent. Because informed consent is a human right, national and international frameworks seeking to protect peopleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s rights will feature in the discussion. Additionally, as nurses should act in an ethical way, ethical considerations in informed consent, including the utilitarianism and deontology theories will be discussed. The paper will also differentiate between the legal and social aspects of ethics, whic h contribute to the decision making process of a patient. In addition to discussing the personal code of ethics, interviews of professionals actively engaged in nursing practice concerning the informed consent will also feature. Finally, it will discuss the ethical normative frameworks that health professionals may appeal to in defending their position and draw conclusions from the findings.National and International ethical frameworks for health care influencing ethical decision making practiceVarious local and international frameworks and ethical considerations exist to oversee the actions of pediatrics. Locally, the NMBA competencies provide the pediatricsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ legal obligations, while internationally, the World Health Organization and International Rights of the Child acts as the regulating body for childrenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s consent. These legal frameworks seek to ensure that nothing happens against the best interest of the child. Additionally, these frameworks will stop any ac tion that does not serve the interest of the child or anything that would hamper the ability of the child to achieve full potential.Various frameworks are concerned with ethical decision making in healthcare. Because of the role played by patient consent in determining the process and decisions taken in the treatment process, national and international frameworks play a vital role. International human rights groups seek to protect the rights of all people across the world. The guiding principle is that all people should have access to proper living conditions, healthcare being among them (KrleÃ…Â ¾a-JeriÄ Lemmens, 2009). One of the most important international policies is the declaration of Helsinki, a policy statement by the WMA. The current declaration focuses on the evolution of medical research ethics (KrleÃ…Â ¾a-JeriÄ Lemmens, 2009). The health and human rights promotes human rights in the health related issues at national and international levels. According t o the health and human rights policy, physicians hold the responsibility of providing high quality health care to the patients without discrimination. They also hold the responsibility of preventing and reporting any torturous acts as well as ill treatment amounting to violations of human rights. This is in line with the patient consent policy, which requires that patients have full knowledge of the consequences of the actions taken by the medical practitioners.Beauchamp Childress Principles of healthcare ethics is yet another framework that seeks to provide ethical relations among the patients (Beauchamp, 2007). This framework establishes four principles of biomedical ethics pertaining to the children ethical treatment in healthcare. Respect for autonomy is one of these principles. This requires the respect of decisions made by autonomous persons and creating an enabling environment for individuals to make informed choices (Beauchamp, 2007). Parents fall under the autonomous group of persons in relation to informed consent (Beauchamp, 2007). As Gale (interviewee) pointed out, it is important for paramedics to give appropriate information to the parents before they could make any informed decision regarding their childrenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s treatment process. Secondly, the beneficence principle seeks to balance the benefits of treatment against the stated risks and costs. The requirement is that medical practitioners should engage in actions that will be of benefit to the patient. Non-maleficence, which is the third principle, avoids causing any harm to the patient. Finally, the principle of justice seeks to distribute benefits, risks, and costs in a fair and equitable manner among patients in similar positions (Mitchell, 2014).Ethical theories influencing decisions among medical practitionersUtilitarianism theory of ethicsUtilitarianism theory of ethics argues that that anything ethical is anything that produces the greatest amount of pleasure to the greatest numbe r of people (Brenkert Beauchamp 2010). On the other hand, anything that is unethical is anything that deprives a great number of people pleasures, to some extent causing dissatisfaction (Brenkert Beauchamp 2010). This theory argues that the society should focus on maximizing positiveÂoutcomes for the largest number ofÂpeople,Âwhile at the same time focusing on minimizing any negative outcomes for lowest number of people (Brenkert Beauchamp 2010). The biggest premise of this theory is that people should settle for actions with the potential of providing the greatest happiness to all people in the society. Nurses are social workers and their work seeks to serve the interest of all people in the society. They should engage in actions that they believe will be of benefit to the patients, refraining from giving misleading information (Hinman, 2012). Ethically, nurses, while educating patients on the informed consent should selfishly describe the pros and cons of all altern atives. A medic should avoid having stakes in the patientà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s decisions as this could compromise the quality of information presented to the patient.Deontology ethics theoryDeontology ethical theory seeks to differentiate between something that is good and bad. Developed by Immanuel Kant, W.D. Ross, deontology theory argues that elements that makes somethingÂgood orÂbad, rightÂorÂwrong, is that it conforms toÂsome rationalÂduty. The underlying principle of this theory is fulfilment of duties towards the individual or other person (Hinman, 2012). Medical practitioners hold this responsibility while disseminating their duties to their patient. Through informed consent, paediatrics offers the patients the best medical attention. Deontology cautions that while making choices, an individual, or organization should settle for actions that best conforms to the recognized duties of the society. Nurses therefore hold this responsibility, of providing patients with the most accurate information for them to make decisions regarding their treatment. Deontology approach establishes the relevance of the duties that people engage in the society (Hinman, 2012). The action as Kant argued should treat people as the ends and not the means, showing that the measure of nurseà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s actions depends on the outcome, and not the process. Providing people with the most accurate information leads to informed decisions, determined by the decision the patient arrives at.Personal codes of ethics for nursing professionThe nursing profession, being an extremely sensitive profession as it deals with the health of the patient relies on stringent codes of ethics governing the actions of the nurses. The code of ethics regulates the actions of the nurse workers (Kalaitzidis Schmitz, 2012). Not only do these codes ensure high quality of services delivered, they also regulate the behavior of these nurses. The nursing code of ethics requires nurses to have prima ry commitment to the patient, regardless of whether the patient is an individual, family, or community. Honesty in delivering services as well as ethical behavior while handling duties is the underlying principle of nursing profession. Nurses should value the quality of care offered to the patients. Not only should the nurses ensure all people access health care, they should also respect the diversity of all people. They should make informed decisions as well as help patients make informed decisions too, an aspect of informed consent. Ethical information management is yet an important ethical consideration for nurses. These requirements guarantee quality of treatment for all patients (Francis, et al, 2013).Difference between Ethical and legal issues in health careAccording to Stein et al. (2013), people have diverse cultural practices and these influence even their decision to seek medical attention. While some cultures do not believe in scientific medical treatment, others will not accept surgery. This is an unethical issue, as people should access healthcare at all times. Additionally, ethics of decision-making influence the overall decision one settles for, if influenced by certain external forces like culture and family. Where one cannot make sound, decisions regarding informed consent, the law stipulates that a close person should do so on the behalf of the patient. It is the duty of the nurse to demystify the dogmatic views of the people in delivering their services to these people through informed consent. Legally, all people should have access to information before they undergo any operation in the health care institution. The law further regulates organ transplant exercises for the sole purpose of reducing problems arising from illegal transplant. There are policies regulating even the donation of a body organ as it regulates any incidences of organ trade.Difference...

Online Worlds Online Games and Sims Essays - 1908 Words

In the 21st Century, the advance information technology is already well-developed. Online worlds have engaged millions of internet user, both as a new genre of entertainment and play, as well as sites for intense social interaction, since the mainstream breakthrough of graphical online worlds in the very late 1990s and early 2000s. Online worlds are characterised by the fact that they shared, persistent, large and explorable 3D-environments, in which multiple users are represented by an in-world entity, typically a virtual body, in the form of a so-called â€Å"avatar† or character. Also, because of the emergence of online games that forming a virtual world which has more beautiful or desire features rather than the real world. Thus, it†¦show more content†¦Firstly, online games have a variety of different knowledge. Players can learn a lot of different things from the game. As long as young people choose the right and wholesome games to play with, they can learn some blending entertainment; either consolidates their extra-curricular knowledge, but also can cause their interest in learning. In addition, online game players also can stimulate their brain thinking. Nowadays, it focuses how to nurturing young people to consolidate grows up thinking ability, such as general education so as to enable them to grow more fully. Educational computer games can stimulate their senses, logical thinking brain cells and help them to learn new knowledge and apply the knowledge to real life, it definitely beneficial to their growth. Secondly, online games which without any time limit so it brings to a great degree of convenience. As long as there is a computer, they can sit tight at home to enjoy the fun of the online gaming. Therefore, young people can play online games whatever in his spare time, they are having fun, but also to relieve the pressure. Thirdly, online games can facilitate communication with adolescent peers. Young peopleShow MoreRelatedSecond Life Case Study Questions/Answers954 Words   |  4 PagesCASE STUDY QUESTIONS QUESTION 3 There are several ways to start up business in an online virtual server. Second Life as of now harbored few to many online companies that does business online as a form of advertising or even setting up their virtual business inside the server by buying up â€Å"lands† in the so called â€Å"Grid† world. Of course, to do that, you have to buy the virtual â€Å"land† to start up the virtual business by subscribing to the premium membership on the website. By subscribing, several beneï ¬ tsRead MoreTechnology And Its Impact On Society1203 Words   |  5 Pagestechnology would be considered the apocalypse. Two women, Jane McGonigal, a video game designer, and Sherry Turkle, a technology professor at MIT, both have their own perspectives on technology and how it impacts emotions. McGonigal’s main focus is how video games can be used as a model on how we as humans can make this world a better place. Turkle’s studies are focused on how technology such as cell phones, online avatars, and social media make a whole generations personal development differentRead MoreComputer And Video Games : Friends Needed974 Words   |  4 PagesComputer and Video Games: Friends Needed Video games have existed for much longer than many young people are aware. For example, an individual would need to be over the age of 50 to remember the first time arcade games were available for play in a bowling alley or inside the entertainment building of a miniature golf course. Similarly, an age requirement of 40 would be required for a person to remember the first release of the Atari, which was usually seen at a friend’s home, or to remember theRead MorePros And Cons Of Army Simulations Theory1553 Words   |  7 Pages Development. All four articles were published online (Internet) and compared to Noe’s text offline (non-Internet). The topics discussed are the pros and cons of Army Simulations and the virtual training environment of today’s soldiers. Three of the four articles confirm Noe’s opinion of the value added (both monetarily, as well as, the ability to train in situations that would not be possible to train for in real life) of virtual simulations (Sims) in the Army training environment. The fourth articleRead MoreApplying Virtual Communities Raised By Jane Mcgonigal And Sherry Turkle1646 Words   |  7 Pagescommunities raised by Jane McGonigal and Sherry Turkle. THEY BRING US 1to understand the relationship between the individual and social groups, as structured and enabled by the Internet. How does shifting from the â€Å"real† world problem of poverty to the tensions in virtual worlds extend or test the limits of Banaji and Greenwald’s claims about the ways we tend to think in categories? Sherry Turkle is a professor in the Program in Science, Technology, and Society at MIT (Massachusetts Institute ofRead MoreElectronic games are taking over the world. Computers, which were once used mainly for work related700 Words   |  3 PagesElectronic games are taking over the world. Computers, which were once used mainly for work related tasks, come standard with Solitaire and other electronic versions of board or card games. Social media is teeming with casual gamers, playing simple puzzles such as (x) and (y). If access to a computer is unavailable, it’s possible to fill moments of spare time on a downloadable app for a smartphone. Some prefer to purchase the newest console with its array of exciting, albeit expensive, titles. WhyRead MoreSwitching from Social Media to Printed Media821 Words   |  3 Pagesaccess to communicate with others around the world. With twenty four hours in a day and eight hours being the average sleep time people spend most of their day c onsuming media. People have experience hours and days without television, music, and film, but not all media. If everyone in the world went a day avoiding all types of media, how would it affect their attitudes, beliefs, and values? In this project, I avoided all types of media including video games and mobile devices. Although this experienceRead MoreThe Importance Of Doping In Sports765 Words   |  4 Pagessports. Moreover, very often the countries that these athletes are from come under fire for carelessness in their drug testing techniques, especially when athletes represent a national delegation like at the Olympic Games or world cups. More often than not, if an athlete is caught doping, the entire team and/or other athletes from that country are investigated, sometimes sending the country into shame. A prime example is Russia’s previously clandestineRead MoreAncient Roman And The Roman Empire1236 Words   |  5 PagesColosseum was known as Vespasian, he received many great benefits from doing so. Construction began under the emperor Vespasian in 72 AD, and was completed in 79 AD under his successor and heir Titus. Vespasian sat on the Roman throne from AD70-79. (Sims et al., 1999) proposes that ‘Vespasian was the emperor who restored order after Nero.’ Many emperors of Ancient Rome satisfied the needs of their citizens with the giving of bread and entertainment, Vespasian wanted to impress visitors and the generalRead MoreUbisoft Executive Summary1072 Words   |  5 Pages cross industry creation process (Telco, IT, entertainment) Bargaining power of Suppliers – LOW * Games made-in house, by hired developers having access to necessary software and engine licenses * Fight for exclusivity on important game titles Bargaining power of Customers – LOW * Mass market, mass retailers, specialty stores * Online purchases, electronic game distribution as the cheapest source * Large number of alternatives, low bargaining power Threat of new

Charles Dickens Great Expectations - 1223 Words

Beloved author Charles Dickens was born on February 7, 1812 in Portsmouth, England. Growing up in a life of poverty, his childhood hardships provided the inspiration to write a myriad of classic novels including his 1861 seminole masterpiece, Great Expectations (â€Å"BBC History - Charles Dickens†). Great Expectations follows the life of an orphan named Pip, who’s perspective of the world is altered when he is attacked by an escaped convict in his parents’ graveyard in the town of Kent. Throughout his mission to propel himself up the social classes, Pip meets a slew of individuals who both aid and hamper his journey of self improvement. Pip finds that throughout the course of his quest for life enhancement, his expectations of happiness and social classes wildly differ from that of his future reality (Moore). Throughout the novel, Dickens expands on his overarching theme of love, affection, and family versus wealth, class, and materialism — a theme that P ip will eventually learn in a difficult manner. Using literary devices such as imagery, foreshadowing, and symbolism, Dickens explains a variety of themes and motifs to tie into and fully support his overarching theme along with the addition of symbols, adding to the reader’s clarity of the novel and emphasis of the overarching theme. (Great Expectations - Two Historical Moments†). Dickens’ use of vivid imagery greatly helps the reader to fully understand the points and themes he is trying to relay. Whether it be the theShow MoreRelatedGreat Expectations By Charles Dickens1113 Words   |  5 Pagesadventures that the male characters go on. This seems to be relevant in a lot of movies and books like the story Great Expectations by Charles Dickens. In Great Expectations there are multiple female characters like Estella, Biddy, and Miss Havisham who all play a large part in the main character, Pip’s life. One of the first that we meet the character Estella in Charles Dickens’ Great Expectations is when Pip goes to Miss Havisham’s to play with her. The two kids play the game beggar my neighbor when EstellaRead MoreGreat Expectations By Charles Dickens1347 Words   |  6 Pagespoor status of the economy, social mobility does not seem to be occurring at high rates, with the poor getting poorer and rich getting richer. Despite this, social mobility is alive and well, and has been for centuries. In his novel, Great Expectations, Charles Dickens voices the concerns of many that lived in Victorian England during the 19th century by promoting such a desire to live life in a more prosperous social class. One of the most fundamental and reoccurring themes in the novel is that ofRead MoreGreat Expectations By Charles Dickens1426 Words   |  6 Pages Twelve-year-old Charles dickens gets ready for bed after a long day at the blacking house. These Victorian-aged memories will provide him with many ideas for his highly acclaimed novel Great Expectations. Set in 1830 England, Great Expectations is a coming-of-age story about a common innocent boy named Pip and his road to becoming a gentleman through the influence of others. Pip is influenced both positively and negatively by Estella, Herbert, and Magwitch. Estella left a huge impression on PipRead MoreGreat Expectations by Charles Dickens984 Words   |  4 PagesCharles Dickens utilizes his life for inspiration for the protagonist Pip in his novel Great Expectations. They both struggle with their social standing. Dickens loved plays and theatre and therefore incorporated them into Pip’s life. Dickens died happy in the middle class and Pip died happy in the middle class. The connection Dickens makes with his life to Pip’s life is undeniable. If readers understand Dickens and his upbringing then readers can understand how and why he created Pip’s upbringingRead MoreCharles Dickens Great Expectations943 Words   |  4 Pages This is true in many cases but none as much as in Great Expectations. In many ways the narrator/protagonist Pip is Charles Dickens in body and mind. While there are many differences between the story and Charles Dickens life there remains one constant. This constant is the way Pip as the narra tor feels, because these feelings are Dickens s own feelings about the life he lead. Since Great Expectations was written towards end of Charles Dickens life, he was wiser and able to make out the mistakesRead MoreGreat Expectations By Charles Dickens1375 Words   |  6 PagesGreat Expectations by Charles Dickens and The Talented Mr Ripley by Anthony Minghella present similar criticisms of society to a large extent. Both of these texts consider the criticisms of rich social contexts (wealth and status), societal morality (whether a society is good or not. Status [can lead to the wrong people being in a high position i.e. making bad decisions affecting the community/society] Appearance [society appears to be moral/good (if you’re from a higher status) {dickens criticisesRead MoreGreat Expectations By Charles Dickens924 Words   |  4 Pagesa character driven novel, or a mix of the two. In order for a novel to be character driven, it must revolve more around the charactersâ⠂¬â„¢ individual thoughts, feelings, and inner struggles, rather than around the quest of the story. Great Expectations, by Charles Dickens, is a character driven novel. While the story does have a plot, it is not contingent upon that plot, but rather is reliant upon its characters and their natures. This is evident from the beginning of the novel. From the opening ofRead MoreCharles Dickens Great Expectations1669 Words   |  7 PagesCharles Dickens He was one of England s greatest authors of the 1800 s, better known as the Victorian era. The various themes and ideas of that time are perfectly showcased in his many novels and short stories, such as Nicholas Nickelby, Great Expectations, Oliver Twist, A Tale of Two Cities, and A Christmas Carol. Much of the inspiration for these works came from the trials and conflicts that he dealt with in his own life. His volumes of fictional writing show the greatRead MoreCharles Dickens Great Expectations1017 Words   |  5 Pagesexperiencer is somewhere else absorbing knowledge of a different setting.This abstract adventure is seized by author Charles Dickens in Great Expectations. Great Expectations is historical fiction giving readers comprehension of the Victorian Era.Upon the reading, readers begin to catch on the intended purpose and its significance. A person who lived during the Victorian Era was Charles Dickens himself.He grew up during a time where differences in social class were to an extreme degree.Dickens went throughRead MoreCharles Dickens Great Expectations1344 Words   |  6 Pagessomething that is not what they truly need? Often, they use social class to fill a void in their lives that can not be filled by materialistic possessions. Many people realize this, but it is often too late. Charles Dickens demonstrates the effects of social climbing in his novel, Great Expectations. This novel explores the connections and effects of human nature and society, which are the two most powerful forces that guide people’s decisions. Some may say that social climbing is good, but as will be

The Major Categories Of Computer Crimes Essay - 996 Words

-Within this writing assignment I will discuss the four major categories of computer crimes. I will explain the most common forms of digital crime and why cyber terrorism is the greatest threat. I will also discuss the roles of the U.S. government, court systems, and law enforcement agencies in combatting computer crime. First we will define the four major categories of computer crimes. -The technical definition of computer crimes is an act performed by a knowledgeable computer user, sometimes referred to as a hacker that illegally browses or steals a company s or individual s private information (Computer Crime , 2016), but in general terms it is the unauthorized use of a computer for personal gain, as in the illegal transfer of funds or to alter the data or property of others. (Computer Crime. (n.d.) 2016) But because the crimes have change so has the definition There are four major categories of computer crimes: Computer as the Target, Computer as the Instrumentality of the Crime, Computer Is Incidental to Other Crimes, and Crimes Associated with the Prevalence of Computers. -When using the computer as a target, they must do two things: intrusion meaning to gain access to the computer and deny the owner of the computer access to the service and data. Intrusion is when the individual alters the data. To use the computer as a target, the hacker must alter the password and/or login and by doing this he is denying the owner access to the data. If a hacker makes a copy ofShow MoreRelatedThe Four Major Categories Of Computer Crimes Essay1341 Words   |  6 Pagesassignment, I will discuss the four major categories of computer crimes. I will explain the most common forms of digital crime and why cyber terrorism is the greatest threat. I will also discuss the roles of the U.S. government, court systems, and law enforcement agencies in combating computer crime. First, we will define the four major categories of computer crimes. -The technical definition of computer crimes is an act performed by a knowledgeable computer user, sometimes referred to as a hackerRead MoreDigital Evidence and Computer Crime1738 Words   |  7 PagesDigital Evidence and Computer Crime: Forensic Science, Computers, and the Internet is essentially a guide on how to collect and process digital evidence in any situation. In this book, digital evidence is defined as â€Å"any data stored or transmitted using a computer that support or refute a theory of how an offense occurred or that address critical elements of the offense such as intent or alibi† (Casey, 7). Most crimes today have some kind of digital element to them, from the crime itself to the criminal’sRead MoreWhat Is Cyber Crime?1424 Words   |  6 PagesIS CYBER CRIME? Crime is a common word that we always heard in this globalization era. Crimes refer to any violation of law or the commission of an act forbidden by law. Crime and criminality have been associated with man since long time ago. There are different strategies practices by different countries to contend with crime. It is depending on their extent and nature. It can be concluded that a nation with high index of crime cases cannot grow or develop well. This is because crime is the directRead MoreCybercrime Is Defined As A Tool Or A Weapon?1361 Words   |  6 Pagesthe Internet using the computer either as a tool or a targeted victim to commit crimes. Cybercrime is difficult to determine and does not have a clear classification system and uses two dimensions. The computer as a tool and the target consist of the first dimension. The second dimension consists of the crime itself: person, property, and victimless/vice (ebook crime) In the first dimension cybercrime is divided into two categories. The first, being the use of the computer as a tool, making the targetRead MoreEssay about Computer Crimes1116 Words   |  5 PagesComputer Crimes Computer crimes are a major issue in the world today. They are taken place in people’s home, office, and in lots of places. A person should be very cautious about the type of personal information that they enter on there someone else’s computer as well as there own. These things could come back to haunt you in the future. Criminal activity where a computer or network is the source, target, place or tool of a crime is what we call computer crime. Some other terms for computer crimeRead MoreCyber Secuirty and Cyber Crime1643 Words   |  7 PagesCyber Crime and Security Cybercrime or electronic crime generally refers to criminal activity where a computer or network is the source, tool, target, or place of a crime. These categories are not exclusive and many activities can be characterized as falling in one or more category. Additionally, although the terms computer crime and cybercrime are more properly restricted to describing criminal activity in which the computer or network is a necessary part of the crime, these terms are also sometimesRead MoreLegal Challenges In Modern Business : The Fine Line Between Torts And Crimes874 Words   |  4 PagesLine Between Torts and Crimes The First Amendment to the U. S. Constitution—the right of free speech—is the fulcrum of the business function. The foundation of that function is the formal contract, the basis of agreements in any business enterprise, from the initial business license to verbal or written agreements with customers and clients. To appreciate the impact of human exchange on society requires a general overview of the interplay of contracts, torts and crimes as managed in the existingRead MoreCyber Crime : A Crime1116 Words   |  5 PagesCyber crime is described as computer crimes. They could be classified as any form of illegal activity that take place on a computer or even a phone. According to the Department of Justice they classify cyber crime into three categories: crimes in which a computer is the target, another class is when a computer is used as a weapon. The last class is when a computer is used as an accessory, this is when criminals use computers to store data they’ve stolen. The growth of the internet has allowedRead MoreCyberbullying Is A Major Issue1205 Words   |  5 PagesIt can happen to anyone, on your phone, through social media, and once it starts it’s hard to take control and stop it. Cyberbullying has become a major issue. Cyber bullying can be very damaging. It can lead to anxiety, depression, and even suicide. Also, once things are circulated on the Internet, they may never disappear, resurfacing at later times to renew the pain of cyberbullying. Cyberbullying can take many forms such as sending mean messages or threats to a person’s email account or cellRead MoreSecurity Of Computer And Internet Crimes1628 Words   |  7 PagesKeaton Paper #1 Security to Stop Computer and Internet Crimes Introduction The computer and the Internet are important tools used by many people all around the world. Usually the computer and internet are used for information. In today’s society it is being used for unlawful activities. It is being used to distribute child pornography, money laundering, credit card fraud; identify theft, and all other types of crimes. Hackers are people who use their computer skills to harm society. They

Lge 500 Week 10 Discussion 12 Essay - 2300 Words

Underlying Causes Please respond to the following: Analyze at least three underlying causes for the creation of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. Next, rank the causes that you have analyzed from the most important to the least important to the creation of the Act. Explain your rationale. In the later part of 1990s, there was an epidemic of accounting scandals which arose with the disclosure of financials transgressions by trusted corporate executives. The misdeeds involved misusing or misdirecting funds, understating expenses, overstating the value of corporate assets or underreporting the existence of liabilities, and overstating of revenues. Some of the companies involved in the creating accounting practice in the late 1990s and early†¦show more content†¦There were a lot of pointing fingers in the accounting scandals that plagued the economy in the 1990s within the companies involved. Congress decided to hold the CEO and CFO responsibility for any financial misreporting. This made the third most important causes of creating SOX. Determine three most important provisions of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. Provide a scenario or example of each to justify why each provision that you determined is important Sarbanes-Oxley was motived by the never-ending waves of corporate financial scandals by Enron, Arthur Andersen, WorldCom, Waste Management, Global Crossing etc. There are 11 sections in the act. There following are the three (3) most important provision in the Sarbanes Oxley Act due to the simple fact that The US Congress were trying to enact a law to combat corporate fraud and misleading of investors: The three (3) most important provisions of Sarbanes-Oxley include: * Creation of PCAOB * Auditor independence and a prohibition on audit firms offering value-added (read conflict of interest) services * Certification of financial reports by CEOs and CFOs First, Congress saw the need to create an independent body to oversee the audit of public companies that are subject to the securities laws. PCAOB was established to protect the investors and further the public interest in the preparation of informative, accurate, and independent audit reports for public companies. Before the SOX, TheShow MoreRelatedCialis Case Essay9153 Words   |  37 PagesHARVARD BUSINESS SCHOOL 9-505-038 REV: JUl Y 2 8. 201 0 ElIE OFEK Product Team Cialis: Getting Ready to Market It was early 2002, and Mark Barbato, the executive director and global product team leader for Cialis, knew he faced a daunting task: launching a medicine for the treatment of male impotence in a market with an established leader-Viagra. 1 Not only had Viagra been generating over $1 billion in sales annually for its parent company Pfizer for three consecutive years, but

Topic civil war Free Essays

string(150) " will come then by all means it should used not sparingly since the cost could be higher if futures are not studied well in the content of agreement\." This is to analyze American Civil War based on James McPherson’s For Cause and Comrades and Sam Watkins Company Aytch, by knowing what were the most important factors that led men to join and stay with the armies. This paper will also consider the ways in which those reasons differed between North and South, and discuss why the resolve to fight largely collapsed in the Confederacy by 1865, while it continued to endure in the North. 2. We will write a custom essay sample on Topic civil war or any similar topic only for you Order Now Analysis and Discussion 2. 1 In general, soldier fought for cause and comrades When people go to war they do not do it for nothing. Normally nobody wants to go to war hence going to war must have their good reasons for violating their peace. It must be for reason for cause with the belief that reason of because if more important than allowing the other person of party to continue what he or she must be doing. Tolerance is therefore no longer an option hence resolution by bringing to war is the only best option to resolve the situation. What McPherson tried to paint from his work entitled For Cause and Comrades about the reason that men and women may have in going to war. The very title is speaking for reasons in getting to war. In his work, James McPherson asks that question of the combatants on both sides of the American Civil War. With his subtitle asking the familiar question: â€Å"Why did men fight in the American Civil War? † , one could readily agree that author purposely finds real reason why people go the war. The thesis therefore of this his book is that men and women go to war for cause and for comrade. Allowing the more important word to absorb the less significant one would have reduce the title into War for Cause since doing for comrades is for cause as well. He must have therefore his own reasons for choosing the title and there might be a need for special emphasis for comrades. Hence, McPherson must have been arguing that the main title states the two most important reasons: a cause moved each of them to enlist, but cohesiveness among comrades sustained them to the end. The author reported to have turned the pages of the diaries and letters of 647 Union and 429 Confederate soldiers, and he followed a simple method by categorizing the reasons and inserting four quotations from letters or diaries for each category. It may be noted that about each soldier, McPherson provided basic information: whether the soldier fought for the Union or the Confederacy, and when and to whom he wrote. His comments on each set of quotations are thin. His typical entry, early in the first chapter: quoted â€Å"I am sick of war,† as written by a Confederate officer to his wife in 1863, and of the severance from the dearest objects of life–his family. 2. 3 Resulting answers based McPherson’s research McPherson’s work was able to extract fourteen key answers as reasons for going to war and these include martial enthusiasm, comradeship, character, and discipline and leadership religion. Other reasons include defense of homeland and preservation of the union. While further reasons include: liberty, slavery, vengeance, duty, glory, and honor. McPherson found both rebels and Yankees to have given similar reasons, except, as expected , on the subject of slavery. In doing his topical index, McPherson inserted other attitudes, motives, and types of experiences the soldiers recorded as the same soldiers followed their reasons for fighting which may be adventure, , desertion, cowardice, the draft, skulking, coercion, desertion. The other reasons for fighting include pursuit of promotion, combat stress, rage, poor morale and homesickness. Using some principles from the work of John A. Lynn, McPherson was steered by three categories of motivation: First is initial motivation, followed by sustaining motivation and finally combat motivation. It was found out the group cohesion and peer pressure were indeed powerful factors in combat motivation and were also connected to the multifaceted mixture of concepts of duty, honor, patriotism , ideology, community of peer pressure and manhood that prompted these soldiers enlist in the army, first place. McPherson then argued for a more relevant relationship among these three categories for Civil War soldiers compared with others’ work major appeal of this book is the purely interesting, sometimes awesome, but always brief stories the soldiers tell to express their reasons for fighting. 2. 4 Is there basis to take Soldiers’ Writings at Face Value? McPherson had asked questions whose answers appear from the dairies and letters of soldiers he reviewed . He is therefore, inclined to take what they say at face value. From an objective historian’s point of view, it may be asked whether there is basis to take the writings at their face value. By making his title: For Cause of Comrades, McPherson appeared to have taken upon himself that what he got from the diaries and letter is really what the authors to communicate. As a general rule a diary is something personal where if the issue is truthfulness of its contents, this researcher therefore would like to give credence the validity of those events happening with the official function of the knowledge as made known to the faculties. Although McPherson’s findings represented to have the many letters, he was just trying to extract the motives from those statements. It may be argued that people react differently to situations and reactions to situations could be numerous or the context from which statements were made do really vary hence they could be capable of different meanings. Psychology is different field from law. Although in both field, motives may be used to predict behavior, the predicted behavior may really vary from the actual result. Trying to infer what was the motive by reading statements would have the characteristics of being speculative. If speculation could be away of learning for something that will come then by all means it should used not sparingly since the cost could be higher if futures are not studied well in the content of agreement. You read "Topic civil war" in category "Papers" Motives as used by McPherson has catalogued are not the same as actual events as proved evidence. Realities cannot be equated with simple extraction from testimonies found in letters or diaries. The same argument may hold even by a quantitative statistical analysis of all the letters ever written, combined with sociological, cultural, linguistic, and psychological, principles. It may therefore be safely deduced that motives standing by themselves and by their very nature, possess few of the necessary attributes of fact. One could accept the at the most what could be done in the diaries and letters is just the option of speculation. Fortunately but speculation as sometime done have become useful sometimes. One could therefore speculate on the motive for fighting based on reading the from the testimony of soldiers on their motives for fighting, in terms of the level of consciousness motive as they say their own piece of their own stories. In psychology many thing is possible as it could be possible that while at certain time, the writer’s conscious motive is to reassure, it is also possible that his unconscious motive is self-delusion. If the soldier asks his own self why he needs to the joining the draft, and thereby answered is religion, then such is a prerogative of any person. Taking the words of soldiers at their face value must be given credence given this may even be sustained in the court of law. In law the express meanings of the word are given preference over the implied meaning. The probability therefore that contents of the diaries are true is more than not has a good chance of being upheld. 2. 5 Questions based on Answers McPherson’s latest study on the motives of soldiers from their letters and diaries may be considered as an achievement itself as for further exploration and speculation. Having perhaps taken a necessary first step, while none of the reasons he gives are new, he has assembled together many colorful testimonials of soldier who have the chance to be part of the actual war. He just set to do the laying out of they soldier’s own stated reason and he must be given credit for thoroughly doing in good order, and in a readable style. But to consider his approach, as if it has accomplished everything or in a context where he has already provided almost the final answers would be too simplistic. To substitute what could otherwise be an inherently complex dynamic issue where other researcher’s may take several steps further a powerful lead to further research. Some of the questions that could be asked form his work include: Is the person talking or writing a ranking or non-ranking soldier. Is the same soldier from the South or from the North. His work may not be fully compared with the work of Sam Watkins who was part of the Confederates. Having a person interpreting what other people are saying is different form having the person who actually did it to say. To the appreciate the concept, having a person to testify in court will carry more wait than a mere affidavit of a deposition taken from that person. Sam Watkins may therefore have the chance to write the most famous and most complex memoirs in â€Å"Co. Aytch† as one who was there could actually explain it more fully. The other question that could be asked included the place where the soldier is at the time he writes. This could be Winter quarters, his home, a hospital or a even prison or on a ship. Another angle is the reason for writing which is the immediate reason. Does the writer write to reassure? to reproach? to brag and to justify? Having perhaps answered to these question would make separate research that would further really explain that is causing people to go to war. The fact that one writes in a letter, a diary, or a memoir where each is different from the other. To have a deeper truth is to ask the author to whom does he write? This will normally taking to a mother, a grandmother, a father, a grandfather, a brother, a sister, a uncle, a aunt, a cousin. The following individuals people such a friend, a sweetheart, a politician, a teacher, a wife, a little child, or even fellow soldier. What is logical is a different rhetoric is aimed at each person in this array of types. It is therefore logical to a writer to anticipate the response of his audience. If the audience is one of a variety of people or oneself, a relevant question is would include trying to persuade with such rhetoric, oneself or the other person, or both. Answers to these many questions would provide a complex setting for answers to the question McPherson poses. He doesn’t pose these related questions; he does not, therefore, attempt to answer them. He has acquitted himself well of an historian’s task: to state a subject that deserves research, uncover what’s in the record, and then give a report of the matter. But one should not expect an historian to deal with questions that can be answered most effectively by experts in other disciplines. Most questions about the Civil War are simplistically posed and simplistically answered, because each question is asked is isolation of all or most others, and asked from the perspective of a single discipline. The Civil War in most of its aspects defies single-perspective explanations. Answers to McPherson’s question are most useful after the most perspectives have been brought to bear. This is a task of interdisciplinary study: psychology, linguistic anthropology, statistical analysis, cultural geography, religion, political science, social science, literary criticism, military science, etc. No one discipline serves well enough. Such is the art of making further studies in the work of others . The relevancy of questions posed will have now to consider the possibilities for multidisciplinary approaches to address such complex questions. The McPherson’s book appendixes points the way to the larger, more complex job to be done. There is indeed the need for more direct interpretation of McPherson’s quotations in light of such information is needed. The presence of geographical distribution of white Confederate and of white Union soldiers and their occupations, a provide a mutual misunderstanding. It could thus be asserted the Civil War, was a class war–a rich man’s war, but a poor man’s fight. What come s next is the unanswerable question that remained? What were the reasons of the poor and illiterate, the white, the black and the foreign born to fight in going to War. 3 Conclusions The most important factors that led men to join and stay with armies vary but according to McPherson’s For Cause and Comrades, basically there must be a cause that is defined with the individual level. Fighting for comrades is a cause itself but other soldiers have expressed these reasons in other ways which McPherson was able to extract and categorized from the letters and diaries and soldiers involved in the war. McPherson has provided readers with the means to start on asking major questions whose answer may be applied to later years such as the reconstruction era. The same answers may also illuminate one’s understanding of the evolution of the American character from 1865 to the current chapter in our history. The answers may be used also to deal with the legacy of violence, racism, distrust of government, and economic instability, in understanding the lives that Americans have in understanding others who are enduring or surviving the crucible of Civil War around the globe. Understanding the why men and women of past fight may help the Americans to deal with those wars from within and from without more effectively. Knowledge of inner reasons is good starting point of really doing a research that points the wisdom of learning from experience. The value if learning is therefore not to commit the same mistake. The book of Watkinson the other hand was written by a Confederate private who served in the Army of Tennessee for nearly the entirety of the Civil War. Having been extracted from diaries of the author during the war, it carries more credence than that of McPherson since this memoir of civil war experiences from a private’s perspective is priceless in terms of primary source material. Watkins was found to be frank and impenitent, thus his book is possessed of a quality that gives the historian with unique material in terms of dealing with the sentiments that the non-elite confederates often held. Watkins’s frankness is almost certainly the most important feature of this work. His hatred of Yankees and the same level as his hatred of some of the Confederate command proposes an individual who most likely defies current simple philosophy of Yankee/Rebel mentality. Watkins is often amusing, especially when reflecting upon feelings that we would now understand as being imbedded in â€Å"class struggle†. Of course, Watkins’s frankness extends to his views of blacks and slaves, illuminating an individual who was both racist and yet not in the generally held conventional manner. This paper also considered the ways in which those reasons differed between North and South, and is making a resolution why the resolve to fight largely collapsed in the Confederacy by 1865, while it continued to endure in the North. The earlier collapse in the Confederacy by 1965 may be explained by the fact that the Conferacy often used slaves as naval crewmembers and soldiers, the African American soldiers were paid less than white soldiers. And the African American soldiers were discriminated against and served in segregated units under the command of white officers. It may be given emphasis that the knowledge of knowing the motivation of soldiers would be a good way to prevent a destruction of life that must come out of the war. It is said that not any one really win in war in perfect manner for whoever goes of war faces the risk of possible loss of life. Work Cited: McPherson , For Cause and Comrades: Why Men Fought in the Civil War (Paperback) Oxford University Press, USA, Aug 28, 1998 Watkins, and Inge, Company Aytch, Plume; Subsequent edition (November 1, 1999) How to cite Topic civil war, Papers

Lesson Plan Essay Example For Students

Lesson Plan Essay LESSON PLANTITLE: TouchGrade Level: Pre-school (12-18 months)Subject: Language development, vocabulary enrichment, and scienceSource: www.lessonplanspage.comMaterials: â€Å"feelie bucket†Items of different textureTime: 15-30 minutesObjective: The child will be introduced to sensory descriptors, including smooth, rough, hard, and soft. The child will understand that objects can be described with one or more of these words, such as smooth and hard. Procedure: 1. Introduce the sense of touch by asking students what they can do with there hands. Lead the class to see that they touch things with their hands,and then ask them if everything feels the same when they touch it. You may have to lead the discussion by asking them how the carpet or floorfeels. Introduce the words rough, smooth, hard and soft. Be sure to give examples of each so that the students can begin to associate these words with concrete examples. 2. Place the â€Å"feelie bucket on the floor during circle time. Have eachstudent put there hand into the bucket and pull an item out. Ask the children to describe the item they have found. Encourage the children to touch all or the objects. Assessments: Ask children later in the day to describe the way things feel. Repeatthe activity a few days later and see if the children can identify theobjects by their appropriate desciptive words. Education Essays